How does nicotine affect blood pressure and heart rate?

Nicotine primarily causes vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels. This response occurs due to nicotine stimulating the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine, that activate the sympathetic nervous system. As a result, the blood vessels constrict, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure. Vasoconstriction raises systemic vascular resistance, contributing to higher blood pressure levels. In addition, this effect can increase heart rate, as the body responds to the elevated blood pressure and altered blood flow dynamics.

While other factors like vasodilation and blood flow alterations can be influenced by various substances, nicotine's prominent effect is vasoconstriction, making it a critical consideration in understanding its impact on cardiovascular health.